Types of structural, semantic, and syntactic changes while translating a text from English to Persian

The aim of this paper was to find out what kind of possible linguistic changes may occur during translating a certain English text into Persian. For this reason, two passages, each one composed of approximately fourteen lines, were translated. Passage Num.1 was chosen from the book MAN AND HIS WORLD, and passage Num.2 from act one, scene one of the play ROMEO AND JULIET by Shakespeare. The motivation behind this was to study the linguistic/grammatical behavior of the two languages toward developing the same literary and half-scientific ideas. In addition, we tried to meet the goal from a contrastive analysis point of view. After careful comparison of the original texts with their translations, considerable differences were observed. These differences were grouped into three major levels: morphology, syntax, and semantics. In the end, based on the limitation of the passages, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, while translating a text from English into Persian. Finally, based on and within the limitation of the passages selected, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, during translating a text from English into Persian.On the other hand, this article is based on the contrastive analysis hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the researcher, with the tools at his disposal, finds the possibility to correctly describe the two languages ​​in question and use the resulting descriptions to determine the existing contrasts or differences between two languages. Learning a second language basically requires overcoming the differences between the two linguistic systems of the first language and the target language. 
Extended Abstract:
The aim of this paper was to find out what kind of possible linguistic changes may occur during translating a certain English text into Persian. For this reason, two passages, each one composed of approximately fourteen lines, were translated. Passage Num.1 was chosen from the book MAN AND HIS WORLD, and passage Num.2 from act one, scene one of the play ROMEO AND JULIET by Shakespeare. The motivation behind this was to study the linguistic/grammatical behavior of the two languages toward developing the same literary and half-scientific ideas. Moreover, we tried to meet the goal from a contrastive analysis point of view. After careful comparison of the original texts with their translations, considerable differences were observed. These differences were grouped into three major levels: morphology, syntax, and semantics. In the end, based on the limitation of the selected passages, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, while translating a text from English into Persian.
Translation has a very important and essential place in language education. Translation is a very valuable tool in teaching and learning a second language. The mother tongue and the second language are created simultaneously in the process of education. Learning a second language is a bilingual stage and process and translation is a practice that promotes education. Translation teaches the learner that between the mother tongue and the second language; For example, there is a difference between Persian and Engish, and this difference often includes language levels. In the process of translation, there will be changes in the syntax of the target language, the composition of the source language, the constructions of the source language words, the meanings of the source language, and the correct understanding of these changes and evolutions help to teach the second language.
In the present research, an attempt has been made to show the changes that may occur in the translation of an English text into Persian. Since Persian language has more freedom in terms of syntax or placement of groups and words in the axis of collocation, the construction of collocation groups of English sentences undergoes very little change and displacement, and the change at this level is mainly to smoothen the sentences and increase the speed of conveying meanings. Major changes in the study of these two languages are limited to the construction of groups and classes that make up the sentences. Also, the changes in word structure and meaning are very significant and accompanied by careful consideration. The research method in this article is descriptive. Therefore, there is definitely no claim in it, except that this research has been able to create a field for conducting more detailed and extensive research.
The selected texts have been translated into fluent Persian and the resulting changes have been shown with knowledge of grammar and structure of the Persian language. This research is based on the translation of a semi-scientific, semi-general text and a literary text. The selection of texts was based on personal interest. In the first text, due to its semi-scientific and semi-general nature, there is no room for imagination, and in the second text, due to its location at the starting point of the play, the words have not yet moved towards poetry as it should. Therefore, a single sentence is assumed to be sufficient for translation.
The examination of the elements subject to change has been carried out at three levels: lexical, syntactic and semantic. What is considered in this research is what changes are made in the language when translating a text from the source language to the target language. These changes are caused by the structural differences between the two languages. Also, language differences in meaning cause these changes. In translation, both syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of the source language may change. It is obvious that the more alien the source and target languages are and the more different they are typologically, the more diverse and numerous the changes will be.